U.S. airspace is divided into classes A, B, C, D, E, and G, each with its own rules for entry, equipment, and communication. Here is what each class is, where it exists, and what you need to fly there.
Part of our Airspace and Weather guide. Pair this with VFR weather minimums.
Controlled vs. uncontrolled airspace
Classes A, B, C, D, and E are controlled airspace, where air traffic control provides separation or services to varying degrees. Class G is uncontrolled. The class affects what equipment you need, whether you must talk to ATC, and the weather minimums you must meet.
Class A
From 18,000 feet MSL up to flight level 600. Operations are IFR only, so as a VFR student pilot you will not fly here. It requires an instrument rating and clearance.
Class B
Surrounds the busiest airports and is shaped like an upside-down wedding cake from the surface up to around 10,000 feet MSL. You need an explicit ATC clearance to enter, along with a transponder with Mode C and ADS-B Out. Student pilots may operate in many Class B areas with proper training and endorsements, though a few of the busiest are restricted.
Class C
Surrounds moderately busy airports, typically from the surface to about 4,000 feet above the airport, in a layered shape. You must establish two-way radio communication before entering and carry a Mode C transponder and ADS-B Out.
Class D
Surrounds airports with an operating control tower, usually from the surface to about 2,500 feet above the airport. You must establish two-way radio communication with the tower before entering.
Class E
Controlled airspace that is not A, B, C, or D. It fills in the gaps, often starting at 700 or 1,200 feet above ground level, and sometimes extends to the surface around certain airports. No clearance is required for VFR flight, but weather minimums apply.
Class G
Uncontrolled airspace, generally near the surface where Class E does not begin lower. ATC does not provide separation, and weather minimums are lower, but you are still responsible for see-and-avoid and safe operation.
How the classes connect to weather and equipment
Each class pairs with specific VFR weather minimums and equipment rules. Knowing the airspace tells you the visibility and cloud clearance you need and whether you must talk to ATC. Review the companion guide on VFR weather minimums.
What you'll need
Airspace and regulations references from PilotMall.com.
Frequently asked questions
What are the classes of airspace?
A, B, C, D, E, and G. There is no Class F in the United States.
Which airspace needs a clearance to enter?
Class B requires an explicit ATC clearance. Class C and D require two-way radio communication before entry, but not a specific clearance.
Can a student pilot fly in Class B?
In most Class B areas, yes, with the proper training and instructor endorsement. A few of the busiest airports are restricted to higher certificate levels.
What is Class G?
Uncontrolled airspace, usually near the surface, where ATC does not provide separation and weather minimums are lower.