The private pilot written exam, officially the FAA private pilot airplane knowledge test, is the first of the two tests that stand between you and your certificate. It is 60 scored multiple-choice questions, you need 70 percent to pass, and with the right study plan it is very beatable. This guide covers the format, every topic area, how to get your endorsement, how to register, and exactly how to study so you pass comfortably the first time.
This is part of our ACS and checkride guide. The written is one of three connected tests; see also the oral exam and the checkride.
What the written exam is
The knowledge test verifies that you understand the aeronautical knowledge a private pilot needs before the practical test. It is administered by computer at an FAA-approved PSI testing center. The questions are drawn from the knowledge areas in the Airman Certification Standards, which is why studying against the ACS is so effective.
Format and passing score
| Detail | Value |
|---|---|
| Questions | 65 presented, 60 scored (5 are unscored sample questions); multiple choice with three answer choices each |
| Time allowed | 2 hours (120 minutes) |
| Passing score | 70 percent (42 of the 60 scored questions correct) |
| Result validity | 24 calendar months (you must pass the checkride within that window) |
| Cost | About $175, paid to the testing center |
You will use an FAA figure supplement (charts, tables, and diagrams) during the test, and you may bring an approved flight computer and plotter.
What topics are covered
The exam samples across the full body of private pilot knowledge. Expect questions in these areas:
- Regulations. 14 CFR Part 61 and Part 91, including currency, privileges, and required documents.
- Aerodynamics. The four forces, stalls, load factor, and stability.
- Aircraft systems and performance. Engines, fuel, electrical, and reading performance charts.
- Weight and balance. Calculating whether the airplane is within limits.
- Weather. Theory, hazards, and reading reports and forecasts such as METARs and TAFs.
- Navigation. Pilotage, dead reckoning, the E6B, and electronic navigation.
- Airspace. Classes of airspace, entry requirements, and special use airspace.
- Aeromedical factors. Hypoxia, spatial disorientation, and fitness for flight.
How to get your test endorsement
You cannot just walk in and test. You first need a sign-off showing you completed a course of ground instruction. There are two common paths: a home-study or online ground school that issues a graduation certificate and endorsement, or an endorsement from your flight instructor after ground training. An online ground school is the most popular and affordable route for most students.
How to register and take it
Schedule your test through PSI, the FAA testing provider. You will need your FAA Tracking Number (FTN) from IACRA and your endorsement. Bring a government photo ID. The test is computer based, and you get your score immediately on completion.
How to study and pass the first time
- Work through a structured ground school from start to finish rather than skipping around. It builds the foundation the questions test.
- Drill with test-prep software or an app. Repetition on the actual question styles is what moves your score.
- Take full-length practice tests until you consistently score in the mid 80s or higher.
- Understand, do not memorize. The oral exam revisits the same topics, and your examiner can tell the difference.
- Master the figures. Practice reading the sectional excerpts, performance charts, and weather products in the figure supplement.
Aim higher than 70. A score in the 85 to 95 range means you genuinely know the material, which pays off on the oral exam and on every flight after.
Reading your score report
Your report lists the ACS codes for any areas you missed. Keep it. Your examiner is required to revisit those specific areas during the oral portion of the checkride, so reviewing them with your instructor beforehand is the smartest prep you can do.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Testing too early, before you can consistently pass practice tests
- Memorizing answer letters instead of understanding concepts
- Neglecting the figure supplement and weather products
- Letting the result sit too long; remember the 24 calendar month window for the checkride
Test-day tips
- Bring your photo ID, endorsement, an approved calculator or flight computer, and a plotter
- Read each question fully; many have a single key word that changes the answer
- Flag and skip hard questions, then return to them
- Use all your time; there is no bonus for finishing early
What you need to prepare
What you'll need
The study tools that get students through the written efficiently, all from PilotMall.com.
Frequently asked questions
How many questions are on the private pilot written exam?
You are presented 65 multiple-choice questions, of which 60 are scored (5 are unscored sample questions), with 2 hours to complete them.
What is a passing score?
70 percent, which is 42 of 60 correct.
How long is the result valid?
24 calendar months. You must pass your checkride within that window.
Do I need an endorsement to take it?
Yes. You need a sign-off from a ground school or your instructor showing you completed ground training.
What is the best way to study?
Complete a structured ground school, drill with test-prep software, and take full-length practice tests until you score consistently in the mid 80s or higher.
Back to the ACS guide or continue to the oral exam.