The instrument rating is the most valuable add-on a private pilot can earn. It lets you fly in clouds and low visibility under instrument flight rules (IFR), makes you a far safer and more precise pilot, and is a required step on every professional path. This guide covers what it is, why it is worth it, the requirements, the cost, and the tests.
Part of our Learn to Fly library. You add the instrument rating to a private pilot certificate, so finish that first (or pursue them together).
What is an instrument rating?
An instrument rating is added to your existing pilot certificate and authorizes you to fly under instrument flight rules, navigating and controlling the airplane solely by reference to instruments. With it you can legally and safely fly through clouds, in reduced visibility, and in the air traffic control system in a way a VFR-only pilot cannot.
Why get an instrument rating?
- Safety. You learn to handle weather and lost-visibility situations that are dangerous for VFR-only pilots.
- Utility. Your trips are far less likely to be canceled by a layer of clouds or haze.
- Precision. Instrument training sharpens every part of your flying.
- Career. It is required on the path to the commercial certificate and the airlines.
Most pilots who fly for travel consider it the best rating they ever earned.
IFR vs. VFR, in plain terms
Under visual flight rules (VFR) you navigate by looking outside and must stay clear of clouds with certain visibility. Under instrument flight rules (IFR) you fly on a clearance from air traffic control, by reference to your instruments, and can operate in clouds. The instrument rating is what lets you file and fly IFR.
Requirements at a glance
You will need cross-country pilot-in-command time, instrument training time, a knowledge test, and a checkride. See the full instrument rating requirements for the exact 14 CFR 61.65 breakdown.
How much it costs and how long it takes
Plan on roughly $8,000 to $12,000 and a few months of focused training. See the cost breakdown for details. As with the private certificate, flying consistently keeps both the cost and the timeline down.
The tests
You will pass the instrument knowledge (written) exam and an instrument checkride with a designated pilot examiner, both measured against the instrument Airman Certification Standards.
Gear for instrument training
What you'll need
Instrument-specific study and training tools, all from PilotMall.com.
Frequently asked questions
Do I need a private pilot license before the instrument rating?
You add the instrument rating to a private (or higher) certificate. Many pilots earn the private first, then the instrument; some train them together.
How much does an instrument rating cost?
Typically $8,000 to $12,000, depending on how much instrument time you need and your aircraft and instructor rates.
How long does it take?
A few months of consistent training for most part-time students; faster in an accelerated program.
Is the instrument rating worth it?
For anyone who flies to travel, yes. It dramatically improves safety, utility, and precision, and it is required for professional flying.